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RV ''Polarstern'' (meaning pole star) is a German research icebreaker of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research ((AWI )) in Bremerhaven. ''Polarstern'' was commissioned in 1982 and is mainly used for research in the Arctic and Antarctica. She is planned to be replaced by ''Polarstern II'' around the year 2017, after it was decided that the European Research Icebreaker ''Aurora Borealis'' is not going to be built in her original form. ''Polarstern'' was built by the Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft at Kiel and the Nobiskrug at Rendsburg. The ship has a length of 118 metres (387 feet) and is a double-hulled icebreaker. She is operational at temperatures as low as -50°C. (-58°F) ''Polarstern'' can break through ice thick at a speed of 5 knots. Thicker ice up to thick can be broken by ramming. ==History== On 7 September 1991, ''Polarstern'', assisted by the Swedish arctic icebreaker ''Oden'' reached the North Pole as the first conventional powered vessels.〔Fütterer, D. et al. (1992) The Expedition ARK-VIII/3 of RV Polarstern in 1991, Reports on Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 107, 267 pp, (hdl:10013/epic.10107.d001 ) (pdf 6.4 MB)〕 Both scientific parties and crew took oceanographic and geological samples and had a common tug of war and a football game on an ice floe. ''Polarstern'' again reached the pole exactly 10 years later〔Thiede, J. et al. (2002) POLARSTERN ARKTIS XVII/2 Cruise Report: AMORE 2001 (Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Expedition), Reports on Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 421, 390 pp, (hdl:10013/epic.10426.d001 ) (pdf 8 MB)〕 together with the USCGC ''Healy''. She returned for a third time on 22 August 22 2011 at exactly 9.42 a.m. This time she reported the most frequently recurring ice thickness at 0.9 m compared with 2 m in 2001, which corresponds to the long-term average.〔 (【引用サイトリンク】title=Research Vessel Polarstern at North Pole ) 〕 On March 2, 2008, one of the vessel's helicopters crashed on a routine flight to the Antarctic Neumayer II base. The German pilot and a Dutch researcher were killed, three other passengers injured.〔 (【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.awi.de/en/infrastructure/ships/polarstern/weekly_reports/all_expeditions/ant_xxiv/ant_xxiv3/9_march_2008/ ) 〕〔 (【引用サイトリンク】url=http://pooljaar.nl/ijzer/2008/03/13/terugblik-op-de-crash/ ) 〕 On October 17, 2008, ''Polarstern'' was the first research ship to ever travel through both the Northeast Passage and the Northwest Passage in one cruise, thus circumnavigating the North Pole.〔 (【引用サイトリンク】url=http://idw-online.de/pages/de/news284090 ) 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「RV Polarstern」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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